2016年托福考試閱讀句子簡化題指導
新托福考試采用真實場景，如模擬大學校園中的動態和交互式環境，試題綜合考查聽、說、讀、寫4項英語語言能力，考生可充分展示使用英語進行交流的能力。以下是小編帶來的2016年托福考試閱讀句子簡化題指導，希望對你有幫助。
句子簡化題(Sentence Simplification Question)
(1) 句子簡化題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第28頁
(2) 句子簡化的兩個層面: 語義和邏輯
(3) 常見的邏輯關系轉換----四大 “明顯”/ “隱含” 關系
(4)句子簡化題解題步驟
1)尋找給定句子中的邏輯關系：因果\比較\最高級\否定.
2)確定與邏輯相關的語義：原因和結果，作用對象，最簡化原則
3)驗證選項，選擇與題干邏輯和相關語義均一致的選項，先驗證邏輯(由主到次)再驗證邏輯.
Ø否定
n明顯否定關系的特色詞匯: no, not, none, never, neither, deny
n隱含否定關系的特色詞匯: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定詞綴less.
Ø因果
n明顯因果關系的特色詞匯: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.
n隱含因果關系的特色詞匯:
a. 表示導致含義: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役動詞, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.
b. 由……而來: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to.
c. 反映,體現: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate.
d. 考慮到…, 依賴…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to.
e. 條件關系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虛擬條件句.
f. 粉刺短語\不定式\獨立主格作狀語
Ø比較
n明顯比較關系的特色詞匯: 同級比較\比較級
n隱含比較關系的特色詞匯:
a. “變化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable, still.
b. “差異”: same, different.
c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.
Ø最高級\絕對化
n明顯最高級/絕對化關系的特色詞匯: -est/ 比較級
n隱含最高級\絕對化關系的特色詞匯:
a. 自身含有最高級含義: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme.
b. 否定加比較: nothing can better than that
c. 程度較深的詞: surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修飾價格的high)
The Civil War
Involvement in a war is painful to any nation. No nations wants to sent it’s young people to fight and die. It is even worse when the war is fought within the country, but worst of all is when a country finds itself divided, and people of the same nation fight each other. In America’s history, the most painful period is surely the Civil War.
The civil war was fought for many complex reasons. Probably the most important was the issue of slavery. The Southern states, dependent on slaves for producing cotton, wanted to continue the practice of slavery while the industrialized Northern states wanted to abolish it. The issue of “States’ Right”, the right of individual states to make laws without interference from the national government, was also very divisive. There were even basic cutural differences which caused friction between Notherners and Southerners. (1) All of these factors led to a war between the North and South which would be the bloodiest in the nation’s history.
Both sides suffered terribly in the war. Families were torn apart as fathers, sons, and brothers chose different sides. Hundreds of thousands of young men died on both sides. The city of Atlanta was burned to the ground. Foutune were ruined and the economy of the Southern states was wrecked. (2) The people on both sides suffered, and that suffering was worse because it was inflicted by people who had been their countrymen, and even their brothers. Shortly after the war, a bitter Southerner assassinated the beloved president Abraham Lincoln.
After four bloody, terrible years, the North won the war and the country was re-united. The slaves were freed and the nation set about rebuilding. Historians will always argue whether or not the Civil War could have been avoided. And what it’s long term benefits have been. (3) there can be no argument, however, that the Civil War was the most painful period in American’s history.
Question 1:
Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 1 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) There are many reasons for the war in which more people died than any other war.
(B) During the war, there are more casualties in the south and north than in the east and west.
(C) The only one reason contributed to the war which is the worst in the world history.
(D) Many people died because of lack of blood transfusion which led to a war.
Question 2:
Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 2 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) If the war had not been with their brothers, there would have been no pain.
(B) If the war had not taken place in the countryside, there would have been less pain.
(C) If the war had been with other nations, the results would have been worse.
(D) If the war had not been with the same race, the pain would have been much less.
Question 3:
Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 3 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Discussing the matter is worthless to everybody.
(B) The vast majority of people accept the statement of fact.
(C) It is impossible to hold a diffierent opinion.
(D) It is illegal to hold a different opinion.
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