高考英語(yǔ)作文之讀寫任務(wù)寫作技巧
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備考策略
STEP1：確定文章框架，包括：時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、格式、展開(kāi)方式、開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾等。
STEP2：確定內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，包括：主要人物、時(shí)間地點(diǎn)、重要細(xì)節(jié)、合理發(fā)揮等。
STEP3：正式開(kāi)始寫作，整理思路成篇，行文連貫。
STEP4：及時(shí)糾正粗心犯下的錯(cuò)誤.
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)標(biāo)題。(有時(shí)不一定要求擬標(biāo)題)
(2)第一段：用一兩句話概括所給短文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，約30詞。建議控制在25—35詞之間。
(3)第二段：
議論文——過(guò)渡詞引出主題句——自己的`觀點(diǎn)——例證，約100詞。
記敘文——過(guò)渡詞+與閱讀文章主題相同但情節(jié)不同的故事，約100詞。
(4)第三段：即總結(jié)句，套語(yǔ)配名言來(lái)進(jìn)行點(diǎn)題，要前后呼應(yīng)，三位一體，約30詞。
注意：
(1)概括一般單獨(dú)占一自然段;
(2)發(fā)表看法或議論時(shí)，依照試題所給內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)本身的順序，原則上每個(gè)要點(diǎn)單獨(dú)寫一個(gè)自然段，這不但保證寫作內(nèi)容覆蓋所有寫作點(diǎn)，而且層次清晰，讓閱卷老師一目了然;若其中兩條邏輯關(guān)系特別緊密，也可用一個(gè)自然段來(lái)表達(dá)。
讀寫任務(wù)
• 概括：如何概括一個(gè)段落;如何概括一篇文章
• 發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)或看法：觀點(diǎn);原因，例證
How to sum up a passage?
• 確定文章的文體,確定你的作文開(kāi)頭.
• 快速閱讀，找出文章的中心句,一般在文章開(kāi)頭、中間、或結(jié)尾的部分。
• 用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述，注意改變措詞，避免原句抄襲。
How to summarize a narration? 要素串聯(lián)法：What, Who, When, Where, Why.
故事性閱讀材料，應(yīng)該用最簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)明故事講述了什么，不能拖泥帶水，而且最好講述該故事給你的.啟示或其中的一個(gè)道理。
• 1.The passage is about…
• 2.The writer tells us about …
• 3.The story is about …
• 4.The author tells us that …
How to summarize an argumentation?
議論三步法：論點(diǎn)----觀點(diǎn)(主題句);論據(jù)----(事例);結(jié)論
如果是議論文的閱讀短文,則要盡可能客觀簡(jiǎn)要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點(diǎn)。
• 1. The passage mainly tells us (talks about) …
• 2. We can know from the passage
• 3. As far as the author is concerned,…
中心句挖掘法：句首/結(jié)尾(中心句);句中(main points, reasons etc.)
如果是說(shuō)明性短文,你就必須用概括的文字來(lái)說(shuō)明某種現(xiàn)象。
• 1. It is stated in the article that…
• 2.According to the passage, the author states that …
• 3. In the passage, the author states that …
典型模板
評(píng)論某一事物利與弊的套用格式
提出要評(píng)論的事物或觀點(diǎn).
分別陳述利與弊(或不同的觀點(diǎn))
歸納得出作者的結(jié)論.
a. 有定論的,作者可明確表態(tài)(贊成或反對(duì))
b. 爭(zhēng)議較大的或尚無(wú)定論的', 可不明確表態(tài), 提出揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短的方法,也
可以平衡其利弊,提出某種期望和設(shè)想.
開(kāi)頭：We are all aware that everything has its two sides. ______ is no exception.
優(yōu)點(diǎn)：___ has brought a number of benefits to us.
—— is a beneficial activity, in which we can obtain many advantages.
First of all, ________. Also, ____________. Most importantly, ____________________.
缺點(diǎn)：Just as a coin has two sides, ______ also has some side effects.
However, ______ has also a lot of problems. For one thing, ____________; For another thing, ___________.
段落結(jié)構(gòu)
1)first, second, third, last(不推薦，原因：俗)
2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推薦，原因：俗)
3)to start with\ to begin with, next, then, furthermore, finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦)
4) first and foremost, besides, in addition, what’s more, last but not least(強(qiáng)烈推薦)
5)on the one hand, on the other hand(適用于相對(duì)立的兩點(diǎn)的'情況)
6) for one thing, for another thing(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況)
文章主體三大殺手锏
一、舉例!提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，舉實(shí)例證明!
To take… for example, For example\instance
二、做比較方法：通過(guò)比較，可以更好地突出作者的觀點(diǎn).
whereas, while, on the contrary,
compared with …,
三、換言之沒(méi)話說(shuō)了，可以換一句話再說(shuō)，讓讀者更充分的理解你的`觀點(diǎn)。
I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it . In other words, I am fed up with it.
結(jié)尾
1)In spite of these disadvantages, I think ______ does more good than harm to ______. We must take a correct attitude towards ______. We should take full advantage of it and avoid its disadvantages.
2)Weighing the two sides, we can conclude that ______ has produced great effects on society.
3)To sum up , I would say that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
4) From what has been discussed above,
we may draw the conclusion that…
All in all ,
In conclusion,
On the whole
檢查
一查人稱是否符合要求;
二查語(yǔ)法方面的問(wèn)題，包括用詞、時(shí)態(tài)等方面的錯(cuò)誤等，確保“語(yǔ)言規(guī)范”;
三查邏輯關(guān)系，看前后觀點(diǎn)是否一致;
四查是否使用一些較為高級(jí)的句型，如非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)、with 短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、定語(yǔ)從句、倒裝句型、恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等。
特別提醒：高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)這條不必強(qiáng)求，視自己實(shí)際水平而定，因?yàn)槿魏谓Y(jié)構(gòu)都以“準(zhǔn)確”為第一原則。據(jù)近三年閱卷情況，只要能用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)完要寫的內(nèi)容，就可得該題的60%，即15分，大大超過(guò)省平均分了。
1.句式要有變化
① 復(fù)合句 (主語(yǔ)\賓語(yǔ)\表語(yǔ)\同謂語(yǔ)\定語(yǔ)\狀語(yǔ)從句)
② 倒裝句
(1)否定詞置于句首(2)only+狀語(yǔ)置于句首(3)虛擬語(yǔ)氣中if省略
③ 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who)+句子的其他成分
④固定句子結(jié)構(gòu)
• too…to…(太…不能) so…that…(如此…以致于…)
• not …until…(直到…才…)
• not only…but also…(不僅…而且…) neither…nor… (既不…也不…)
The girl began to learn to play the piano when she was a child. Her mother was a famous pianist.
The girl whose mother was a famous pianist began to learn to play the piano when she was a child.
You can see panda only in China.
Only in China can you see panda.
It is only in China that you can see panda.
Tom likes apple, and Jack likes it too.
Not only Tom but also Jack likes the apple.
2. 要使用高級(jí)詞匯或短語(yǔ)
① 使用高等級(jí)詞匯
He is a good student. excellent\extraordinary
② 使用短語(yǔ)
I like music. be fond of\be interested in
③ 使用諺語(yǔ)
As the saying goes,“”
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (適用于自編名言)
3. 使用連接詞，過(guò)渡自然，連貫通順，
• 并列 and; as well as ; also; too,
• 選擇 or; either—or;
• 原因 because (of) ;owing to; due to ; thanks to
• 結(jié)果 so ; therefore ; thus ; as a result
• 比較 on the contrary ; by contrast\ comparison;compared to …,
• 轉(zhuǎn)折 but ; yet; however ; nevertheless,
• 遞進(jìn) besides ; moreover ; in addition;furthermore
• 舉例 for example/instance; such as ; that is ; namely; take …for example
特殊句式
• 排比(排山倒海句)
• 如果想要讓你的文章更加精彩的話，那么用一個(gè)個(gè)的排比句，一個(gè)個(gè)的`對(duì)偶句，一個(gè)個(gè)的不定式，一個(gè)個(gè)的短語(yǔ)，如此表達(dá)將會(huì)使文章有排山倒海之勢(shì)!
• Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, complicated or simple, ordinary or different, there is plenty in London for you.
• We have got to study hard, to enlarge our knowledge, to develop our potentials and to realize our dreams.
• 感嘆句
• How useful the computer is!
• What a convenient thing the car is.
• How wonderful it is to have computer do the heavy work for man!
• What an advantageous thing it is to study abroad!
• 疑問(wèn)句
• Which way is the best to get to know the society, through listening to the radio, watching TV, reading the newspapers, or taking part in social activities?
• Have you ever taken a part-time job? Do you think it is a good practice for college students to do temporary jobs in their free time?
• 反問(wèn)句
• Now that we have realized the importance of practice, why not put it into practice?
• Don’t you think that it is high time that everybody joined in the effort to protect our environment and save the earth?
套用語(yǔ)句
1)摘要的開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)
(1)According to the passage, we know...
(2)The writer states that...
(3)The author thinks /argues ...
(4)The story/passage is about...
(5)The writer/author tells us about...
(6)The story mainly tells us that...
2)摘要后的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)
議論文的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)----表示贊同
(1)I agree with the statement that...
(2)I do agree with the author...
(3)I’m for the writer’s idea that...
(4)I quite agree with the writer’s idea.
(5)I fully support the statement above because I am very sure...
(6)I can’t agree more with what the writer said/says.(我完全同意作者的觀點(diǎn))
議論文的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)----表示不贊同
(1)I partly agree with what the writer said.
(2)I don’t agree with the writer’s view.
(3)I’m strongly against the writer’s idea.
(4)In some way, I agree with..., but.....
(5)This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical.
(6)What the writer said sounds reasonable. But...
(7)It is definitely not like that. As a matter of fact,...
(8)Some people argue as if it is a general truth that... But to be frank, I cannot agree with them.
議論文的`過(guò)渡語(yǔ)----表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)
(1)As for me,...
(2)In my opinion, ...
(3)As far as I am concerned,...
(4)From my point of view...
(5)I hold the view/belief that...
(6)Personally, I believe that...
(7)According to my experience, I think that...
議論文的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)----引出話題
(1)There is no doubt that... 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)……
(2)It can not be denied that... 不可否認(rèn)……
(3)No one can ignore the fact that... 誰(shuí)也不可忽視……
(4)From what is mentioned above, we know... 依上所述，我們知道……
記敘文的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)
(1)I have a similar experience.
(2)I also went through such an experience.
(3)This story reminds me of another story that happened to...
(4)This story reminds me of a similar experience of...
記敘文的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)----總述原因
(1)There are several reasons that contribute to ...
(2)My views are based on the following reasons.
記敘文的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)----分層論述
(1)On the one hand,... On the other,... 一方面……另一方面……
(2)For one thing,... For another... 一則…二則……
(3)To begin with/First of all/First (ly),... Second (ly), ... Besides/Furthermore /What’s more,... Finally/Last but not least... 首先……其次……此外/而且……最后……
記敘文的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)----總結(jié)句開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)
(1)To sum up/In short/In conclusion/ In a word/All in all, ... 總之，……
(2)Taking all the factors into account, we can draw a conclusion that... 考慮到以上因素，我們可以得出這樣的結(jié)論：……
(3)From the discussion above, it can be safely concluded that... 根據(jù)以上討論，可以得出如下結(jié)論：……
(4)To be brief, we should be aware of the importance of... 總之，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)明白……的重要性。
(5)Therefore, it is necessary for us to ... 因此，我們有必要……
(6)Only /in this way /when we... can we... 只有用這種方法/當(dāng)……時(shí)，我們才能……
提高作文檔次五招
1.表達(dá)精練簡(jiǎn)潔。
表達(dá)不要啰嗦，若能用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)就不要用定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句。
2.避免低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤。
避免語(yǔ)法和拼寫的低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤，避免被扣印象分。
3.保證賞心悅目。
注重書(shū)寫美觀，保持卷面整潔，提高印象分。
(1)切忌書(shū)寫不清、涂涂抹抹;
(2)保持單詞之間的距離基本一致，一般為一個(gè)a字母的間隙;
(3)錯(cuò)詞只用一條橫線或斜線劃掉，盡量不重復(fù)涂寫同一字母或單詞;
(4)每段前空格約4個(gè)字母的位置。
4.句子錯(cuò)落有致。
根據(jù)表達(dá)需要，交叉使用長(zhǎng)句與短句、簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)雜句。
5.句式多種多樣。
多樣化句式，方能顯示較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言功底，大大提高作文檔次。
(1)用it is/was... that...強(qiáng)調(diào)句式;
(2)用作狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的完全倒裝句或用以only in this way等開(kāi)頭的部分倒裝句;
(3)用with的'復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(with+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ))作狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ);
(4)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;
(5)用what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句;
(6)用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);
(7)恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用感嘆句、被動(dòng)句等;
(8)適當(dāng)運(yùn)用however, in my opinion, fortunately, personally等插入語(yǔ);
(9)盡量用短語(yǔ)代替單詞來(lái)表達(dá)同樣的意思;
(10)恰當(dāng)使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)，做到過(guò)渡自然，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，篇章連貫。
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